Imagine you’re navigating a family tree and need to find the closest common ancestor of two family members. The Lowest Common Ancestor (LCA) in a Binary Search Tree (BST) is the “earliest” node in the tree that is an ancestor of two given nodes. This concept is useful in systems…

Balancing a binary tree is a fundamental concept in computer science, especially in data structure optimization. The Balanced Binary Tree problem asks you to determine whether a given binary tree is height-balanced, which means it satisfies specific criteria for symmetry and efficiency. Let’s dive into the problem and break it…

Imagine you’re working with a system that needs to send lists of strings across a network. Each string may contain special characters, including commas, numbers, or even spaces, which makes it tricky to separate one string from another. The task is to design an encoding algorithm that converts a list…

This problem involves copying a linked list where each node contains: 1. A next pointer pointing to the next node in the sequence. 2. A random pointer pointing to any node in the list, or null. The challenge is to create an identical copy of the list, including the random…

The LeetCode problem Find Duplicate Number requires identifying a duplicate in an array of n + 1 integers, where each integer is in the range 1 to n. Only one duplicate number is guaranteed, and the problem must be solved without modifying the array, in constant space, and with a…

The LeetCode problem Insert Delete GetRandom O(1) requires implementing a data structure that supports inserting, deleting, and retrieving random element in constant time. Here’s a detail breakdown: Imagine you have a collection of elements, and you want to perform three key operations: 1. Add a new element. 2. Remove an…

In this problem, you are tasked with finding the number of connected components in an undirected graph. A connected component is a subset of nodes such that every pair of nodes in the subset is connected either directly or indirectly, and no additional nodes outside the subset are connected to…

The problem “Check If N and Its Double Exist” asks us to determine if there exists an integer  n  in the array such that  n  and  2 \times n  are both present in the array. Example: • Input: [10, 2, 5, 3] • Output: true (since  n = 5  and …

Imagine you’re given a set of nodes and edges, and you want to determine if they form a valid tree. A valid tree in graph theory has two key properties. In simple terms, a valid tree is like a family tree: everyone is connected and there are no loops. This…